Motion Picture Association of America. This article is about the group that assigns advisories for movies. For their guidelines and a list of their advisories, see MPAA film rating system. The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) is an American trade association that represents the six major. Hollywood studios. It was founded in 1. Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) to advance the business interests of its members.
In its formative years it took on the role of devising guidelines for film content which resulted in the creation of the Production Code, and currently administers the MPAA film rating system. More recently, the MPAA has advocated for the motion picture and television industry through lobbying to protect creative content from piracy and for the removal of trade barriers. The MPAA has long worked to curb copyright infringement, including recent attempts to limit the sharing of copyrighted works via peer- to- peerfile- sharing networks. Former Democratic Senator Chris Dodd is the chairman and former United States Ambassador to France Charles Rivkin is CEO. History[edit]Foundation and early history: 1. The MPAA was founded as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) in 1. At its founding, MPPDA member companies produced approximately 7.
United States.[1] Former Postmaster General. Will H. Hays was named the association's first president.[2]The main focus of the MPPDA in its early years was on producing a strong public relations campaign to ensure that Hollywood remained financially stable and able to attract investment from Wall Street, while simultaneously ensuring that American films had a "clean moral tone".[1][3] The MPPDA also instituted a code of conduct for Hollywood's actors in an attempt to govern their behavior offscreen. Finally, the code sought to protect American film interests abroad by encouraging film studios to avoid racist portrayals of foreigners.[2][4]From the early days of the association, Hays spoke out against public censorship,[4][5] and the MPPDA worked to raise support from the general public for the film industry's efforts against such censorship.[6] Large portions of the public both opposed censorship, but also decried the lack of morals in movies.[7]At the time of the MPPDA's founding, there was no national censorship, but some state and municipal laws required movies to be censored, a process usually oveseen by a local censorship board.[7] Thus, in certain locations in the US, films were often edited to comply with local laws regarding the onscreen portrayal of violence and sexuality, among other topics.
This resulted in negative publicity for the studios and decreasing numbers of theater goers, who were uninterested in films that were sometimes so severely edited that they were incoherent.[2] In 1. American moviegoers lived in a location overseen by such a board.[7]In 1. Hays instituted "The Formula", a loose set of guidelines for filmmakers, in an effort to get the movie industry to self- regulate the issues that the censorship boards had been created to address. The Formula" requested that studios send synopses of films being considered to the MPDDA for review.
This effort largely failed, however, as studios were under no obligation to send their scripts to Hays's office, nor to follow his recommendations.[7]In 1. Hays oversaw the creation of a code of "Don'ts and Be Carefuls" for the industry.[7] This list outlined the issues that movies could encounter in different localities.
Hays also created a Studio Relations Department (SRD) with staff available to the studios for script reviews and advice regarding potential problems. Again, despite Hays' efforts, studios largely ignored the "Don'ts and Be Carefuls," and by the end of 1. MPPDA received only about 2. Hollywood scripts prior to production,[2] and the number of regional and local censorship boards continued to increase.[7]Production Code: 1. In 1. 93. 0, the MPPDA introduced the Production Code, sometimes called the "Hays Code". The Code consisted of moral guidelines regarding what was acceptable to include in films.[8] Unlike the "Dont's and Be Carefuls", which the studios had ignored, the Production Code was endorsed by studio executives.[2] The Code incorporated many of the "Don'ts and Be Carefuls" as specific examples of what could not be portrayed.
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Among other rules, the code prohibited inclusion of "scenes of passion" unless they were essential to a film's plot; "pointed profanity" in either word or action; "sex perversion"; justification or explicit coverage of adultery; sympathetic treatment of crime or criminals; dancing with "indecent" moves; and white slavery.[9] Because studio executives had been involved in the decision to adopt the code, MPPDA- member studios were more willing to submit scripts for consideration. However, the growing economic impacts of the Great Depression of the early 1.
Code.[2]In 1. 93. Catholic Legion of Decency, along with a number of Protestant and women's groups, launched plans to boycott films that they deemed immoral.[1. In order to avert boycotts which might further harm the profitability of the film industry, the MPPDA created a new department, the Production Code Administration (PCA), with Joseph Breen as its head. Unlike previous attempts at self- censorship, PCA decisions were binding—no film could be exhibited in an American theater without a stamp of approval from the PCA,[7] and any producer attempting to do so faced a fine of $2.
After ten years of unsuccessful voluntary codes and expanding local censorship boards, the studio approved and agreed to enforce the codes, and the nationwide "Production Code" was enforced starting on July 1, 1. War years: 1. 93.
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In the years that immediately followed the adoption of the Code, Breen often sent films back to Hollywood for additional edits, and in some cases, simply refused to issue PCA approval for a film to be shown.[2][1. At the same time, Hays promoted the industry's new focus on wholesome films[1. American films abroad.[1. For nearly three years, studios complied with the Code.
By 1. 93. 8, however, as the threat of war in Europe loomed, movie producers began to worry about the possibility of decreased profits abroad. This led to a decreased investment in following the strictures of the code, and occasional refusals to comply with PCA demands.[2] That same year, responding to trends in European films in the run- up to the war, Postmaster General Hays spoke out against using movies as a vehicle for propaganda.[1.
In 1. 94. 5, after 2. Hays stepped down from his position at the MPPDA, although he continued to act as an advisor for the Association for the next five years.[1. Johnston era: 1. 94. In 1. 94. 5 the MPPDA hired Eric Johnston, four- time president of the United States Chamber of Commerce, to replace Hays.[1. During his first year as president, Johnston rebranded the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).[2]He also created the Motion Picture Export Association (MPEA) to promote American films abroad by opposing production company monopolies in other countries.[1. In 1. 94. 7 the MPEA voted to discontinue film shipments to Britain after the British government imposed an import tax on American films.[1. Johnston negotiated with the British government to end the tax in 1.
In 1. 95. 6, Johnston oversaw the first major revision of the Production Code since it was created in 1. This revision allowed the treatment of some subjects which had previously been forbidden, including abortion and the use of narcotics, so long as they were "within the limits of good taste". At the same time, the revisions added a number of new restrictions to the code, including outlawing the depiction of blasphemy and mercy killings in films.[2. Johnston was well- liked by studio executives, and his political connections helped him function as an effective liaison between Hollywood and Washington.[2. In 1. 96. 3, while still serving as president of the MPAA, Johnston died of a stroke.[2.
For three years, the MPAA operated without a president while studio executives searched for a replacement.[2. Valenti era: 1. 96. Jack Valenti was the president of Motion Picture Association of America for 3. MPAA Chairman Chris Dodd at a screening of the film No. The MPAA hired Jack Valenti, former aide to President Lyndon Johnson, as president of the MPAA in 1.
Top 1,2. 38 Reviews and Complaints about VRBO. No response to property owner complaints. Did not yet post my review of the property my family rented. I sent a complaint about a property. The stay on the island was fun, but would have been vastly improved had the issues in the property detailed below been addressed prior to my visit.
I stayed there from Saturday night until Wednesday morning. The house and yard provide plenty of room for our extended family. The kitchen was well equipped. However, we found a mouse getting into a bag of bread. One mouse was caught with a trap, but there are surely more in the house as there were lots of mouse droppings behind the microwave. This was a very disturbing situation forcing us to throw away food and eat out instead.
This problem you can certainly remedy. It most likely existed prior to our visit and will occur again. Warning about rodents is not a solution, as it will deter people who would want to rent. You should spend some money to inspect the property for access areas for rodents and close them up. My family wants me to post this online along with the photo of the mouse. The dishwasher on the main floor kitchen is not fastened to the counter or wall and is very difficult to close. The device should be securely fastened to something.
It is not installed properly and is a hazard. The ceiling fixture in the kitchen above the cooking area is filled with bugs and needs to be cleaned. The oven was filthy in the main floor kitchen and also needs to be cleaned. Prior to our stay, I contacted you to ensure that the grill functioned and made our meal planning accordingly. I would have made other arrangements if the grill were not in working order.
The old grill was dangerously dilapidated and not serviceable. The first night we could not use it, as it never got hot to the touch. The new grill was a pleasant surprise and clearly a necessity.
However, I was not able to use the new grill, as I had to leave. My family stayed through to Saturday. It is possible that they used the grill after I left. The upstairs master suite at the top of the deck had no blinds by the bed. One of the windows had some and the other did not. I was up early as a result and uncomfortable with the lack of privacy as people could look in through the window from the street. Nevertheless, my wife and I stayed in the room as it had an easily accessible bathroom.
The showerhead in that bathroom needs to be cleaned and descaled. The shower curtain also needs to be cleaned. The sink cabinet is not fastened to the wall, which is dangerous. The wall plate is missing around the electrical wall socket above the sink, which is not ground fault protected at the outlet.
Maybe it is in the fuse box, but I doubt it. That could be dangerous and should be fixed as soon as possible. I will post this picture. The towel rack in this bathroom was in the cabinet and the fasteners into the wall were not capable of holding it in place.
A place this size should have MULTIPLE towel racks in MULTIPLE locations. Also, there was not an adequate supply of towels for guests.
One of the beds in the basement was a very uncomfortable queen mattress and the guest questioned whether it was a box spring and not a mattress. The billiard table was nice on a sunny day with the windows providing the only light.
The room could be used at night with the addition of an overhead light. The controllers for the televisions on the main floor and the Direc. TV did not work. There were no directions for using the controllers posted anywhere so it was impossible to know how to access the functions or what needed to be done. There were three controllers in the main area and they did not work or needed batteries. The screen door from the kitchen to the patio is a nuisance to open as it doesn't glide and the bottom of the screen is no longer in the frame.
IT SHOULD OPEN AND CLOSE EASILY. It is a potential entrance for rodents. I did not take a picture of this. The outdoor furniture was decrepit with rips in the seats. One of the chairs had rusted so badly that one of our guests sat in it and it collapsed. She fell onto the floor, but luckily she was not injured. You said you would replace the furniture ASAP.
It does not look like that has happened. It would also be great to have a picnic table and benches for outdoor dining. Some stackable plastic chairs would also be helpful. Logs around the fire pit for seating would be a nice addition. The house can accommodate quite a few people if you also use the sofas for eating inside, but it is impossible to dine outside. It was great to find bicycles in garage, but the tires were flat (not sure if listed as available with rental).
If you plan to charge a $2. We found the trash bins in the garage full of garbage, an ashtray full of cigarette butts on the deck and one plastic deck chair tucked among the bushes on the side of the house. A house this size should have two large trash bins at minimum and all trash removed. The owner has yet to return the $5. It has been over 2 weeks. The question is do they do anything to manage anything?
I deserve to get back my deposit. I respectfully request that you do something about this rental - NOW.